Constructive threat examination techniques to enhance data security

Introduction The duties of intelligence technologist are becoming more complicated as the field of science technology introduces new products and ideas even before applying proper security measures to avert threats that may crop up along the way. The ability to understand the technological modifications calls for contemporary and prospective threats, as well as data overload to materialize the practical efforts by security experts.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Constructive threat examination techniques to enhance data security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the past years, the world has faced a series of cyber attacks of unexpected intricacies. These unprecedented attacks indicate that the information kept by businesses, governments, as well common citizens are at the verge of being manipulated by malicious attackers and intelligence technologist should be ready to handle such problems. Moreover, workers have brought consumer technology such as smartphones into their workplace, which have improved productivity and destabilized the security norms in equal measure. The success of institutions depends on the level of security and effectiveness of their technology. For technology professional to avert these imminent dangers, they have to work in unity with all the stakeholders to comprehend the rising threats and come up with proactive security remedies that can protect the Internet and all other infrastructure that are associated to it. The discussions in this paper focus on the emerging and future threats in technology that need urgent remedies. Current Threats Although every institution is distinctive in its nature of activities of products, all are susceptible to experience a restrained detachment of dangerous agents who perpetrate impositions against institutions’ infrastructures. These dangerous agents entail insiders, industrial surveillance, systematized crime, as well as hackers1. Insiders A group of researchers recently observed that in comparison to past years, the rate of insider threats are decreasing, but this should not be construed to mean that the measures used to hamper insider threats should come to a halt. Intelligence technologists still consider insiders as one of the formidable threats. Probably, the incidents of insider threats are reducing because institutions have refocused their attention to external factors and barely notice insider threats and insiders have hiding techniques that enterprise rarely discover2. Moreover, there is a rising trend of insider placement, which permits penetration schemes.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Systemized threat agents who cannot infiltrate through the external security tactics often place their agents in institutions where they intend to infiltrate, as interim workers or systems supervisors. Considerin g this imminent danger, enterprises initiate security programs that protect an organization from insider threats. Such security programs should incorporate background supervision for workers who access vital systems, a continuous training initiative that can assist workers to discover and share prospective insider dangers, as well as execute internal security policies and network supervision3. By placing insiders in an institution, threat agents are capable of getting its internal access to Information Technology (IT) assets. There have been numerous cases where a single worker is found to work in various software development companies as well various government organizations to create custom software programs. The intentions of such a worker only raise questions with no proper answers. In a period when distributed computing is popular, there should be an effective formula for scrutinizing subcontractors as well as assisting employees and examining internal network resources to cont rol this exacerbating threat4. Industrial Surveillance and Systemized Crime Over the years, technology experts have affirmed the dangers, which are planned by rivals or government- initiated espionage that industrial surveillance organizations pose to an institution. Despite the fact that industrial espionage is an existing danger that most companies are aware of, it affects data privacy and not its accessibility. The subtle nature of business data calls for the need to have security programs that secure its privacy and veracity. Systemized crimes expeditions are likely to obtain crucial company’s data such as financial statements and plans. Although vital infrastructure attacks are not part of systemized organized, it is important for companies to recognize that systemized crime agents could substitute terrorists5. Hackers As contemporary firms continue with their operations, they are likely to experience assaults from hackers. There has been increased trend in cases of intr usion of networks for either specific purpose of random attacks. The cases have been so imminent that one could infer that only companies with faulty monitoring programs do not experience these attacks.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Constructive threat examination techniques to enhance data security specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A recent research disclosed that any susceptible system linked to an unrestricted network, is likely to be attacked within less than three days. Hence, the significance for employees to adopt and adhere to effective information security practices to avoid the hackers. Organizations should note that by using the Internet, they are not only exposing themselves to domestic and continental threat, but also international perils. Considering the extensive scope of unwanted attacks, enterprises should be assiduous in measures that help them on mitigating on this menace. These mitigating me asures could include technical controls such as antivirus, Intrusion Detection System (IDS), or Firewall. Enterprises can also introduce multifactor authentication system for employee identification. Moreover, firms can also encourage their workers to communicate through secure forms instead of email links when using the Internet to prevent the chances of clients sending/receiving confidential messages through online clear text6. Emerging Threats Apart from countering the present threats, intelligence technologists should be adequately equipped to emerging threats such as malware, information manipulation, nation states, terrorism, mobile device threats, and cloud security. Though some firms are vulnerable to nation states as well as terrorism, firms that are considered to have substantial infrastructures are often potential targets. In essence, states and terrorists are more likely to target private infrastructure than government enterprises7. Mobile Devices Threats The safety of m obile devices continues to raise formidable questions for some issues have made it intricate to exploit various devices including their operating systems, which is not as extensive as Windows. Moreover, their surrounding environment, numerous applications, and the lack of adept to remove malicious applications has hampered their exploitation. There have also been setbacks in monetizing altered mobile devices8. However, the huge number of smartphones as well as tablets subscribers presents a chance that threat agents are likely to target. Currently, there is a higher demand of smartphones than PCs, whilst there are more subscribers accessing the Internet through mobile phones than PCs. In the corporate world, workers have been permitted to own and even operate some tasks using the devices. The popularity of mobile devices suggests that security scholars and threat agents are likely to apply their security intelligence on the devices. It is anticipated that new attacks as well as nove l techniques of monetizing mobile devices is likely to develop9.Advertising Looking for essay on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Latest reports indicate that malware developers have began viewing the opportunity created by mobile devices as a chance to initiate feasible businesses. The figures of malicious or unauthorized applications have augmented from 30,000 to 175, 000 for a period of just three months (June to September) in 201210. Recent studies have shown that the percentage of devices that have been affected by malware is about 0.002 per cent in the U.S. The study also noted that the malicious apps are only noticed after the climax of an operation, and thus security practices such as eliminating the activity from storefront had little, if any, initial effect. Nonetheless, such practices have the potential to avert the spread of malicious programs. The participants from the latter research were mainly residents of the U.S. Other researches that have included other counties such as Russia and China have shown disparate, but amazing results. In China, the malicious infections had a high percentage of abo ut 40 per cent11. Web browser developers, in an attempt to balance the rate of subscription and security, have not installed security pointers on smartphones and as a result, phones are three times susceptible to malicious intrusion than PCs. For instance, renowned mobile browsers such as Opera Mini do not permit their subscribers to access data information that can help to identify the legitimacy of the Web sites, for example its certificate data. In case of an attack, which is very likely, one cannot recognize this attack because of lack of adequate information. In addition, other apps are connected to TLS as well as SSL networks, a move that makes a subscriber more susceptible to attack. The future of such subscribers is bleak, if mobile browser developers remain reluctant in devising methods of disseminating security data12. Nation States Several countries have introduced programs to help protect IT elements of crucial infrastructures. Recent analyses show that about 100 countri es are presently creating data and warfare programs. The United States, which is the highest target of attack due to its massive dependence on IT, is at the forefront of this initiative. Although this threat is bona fide, the possibility of a state- financed full-blown attack is unlikely for various reasons. To begin with, the majority of the countries with the potential to instigate an attack have bilateral association with the U.S. If they were to launch an attack that affects the U.S. economy, the impact will trickle down to their own economy. Moreover, the U.S. stipulations in relation to information warfare assault prevents any country intends to apply information in place of conventional warfare. Nonetheless, these stipulations do not prevent a villain country to apply information attack as a means of acquiring tactical lead in a case of conventional battle to instigate conservative reaction. In a world where a country is anonymously assaulted, the entire reproach falls on mul tinational terrorists, and thus nations must adopt new ways of addressing this peril. Although one may infer that this move creates an opportunity for state-financed detached infrastructure assaults, it is still untenable or nominal impact such as mental impact that can be resolved by adequate preparation13. In the U.S., the federal authorities have the role of preventing the citizens from state-promoted threats. Private enterprises are incapable of handling impacts of state attacks in the absence of adequate information from the federal authorities. Therefore, it is important for the federal government to issue indicators whenever there is a forthcoming threat14. Cloud Security The effectiveness of transferring information through clouds has attracted the attention of many subscribers who opted to keep their documents on Yahoo mail, iCloud, or even DropBox, as it is cheap and convenient. However, various enterprises are becoming reluctant to keep their confidential documents and ap ps on this medium by questioning the credibility of their security. However, some enterprises have been lured by the increased productivity and reduction in operation costs created by the online services. The rising number of activities being transferred to the cloud demands that technologists should the security of these documents and their impact to the firms15. Many security experts have asserted that information stored in the cloud is safer, but more targeted threat agents. The accretion of information in the cloud has inspired cloud service providers as well as the subscribers to security measures deter unauthorized persons from accessing their documents. Nevertheless, whilst the improved security measures may impede intrusion, it increasingly attracts intruders. In case of any failure, the impact may be detrimental. One of the recent attacks in 2012 is a clear indication of how far attackers are targeting the cloud. In June 2012, one of the accounts of CloundFlare’s cli ents was unsuccessfully attacked with the intent of manipulating the site. The attempt failed for the experts at CloudFlare reacted quickly and detected the assault. Most security analysts have observed that these attacks are likely to rise due to the critical data that is kept in the cloud. The two-factor authentication technique adopted by Google has been considered an effective way of protecting information stored in the cloud. Under this technique, a subscriber uses an identified device with a legitimate password for every application in the system16. Nevertheless, cloud is not entirely composed of data. If intruders manipulate virtualized computers, then they can easily introduce botnets. This accretion draws the attention of intruders and they can use all their skills to infiltrate into the documents. Attackers are likely to use illegal credit cards that they own to infiltrate into the clouds. They can use the false credit cards to design insidious virtual systems17. Consideri ng this impending threat, the cloud service providers should redefine their security thinking. They should be certain of the role they play in protecting their subscribers’ data. Studies indicate that a huge percentage of service providers believe that the clients are in charge of the data, and thus ought to create their own security measures. This assertion is a worrying inference for firms that do not institute stringent security measures expose their documents to attack by threat agents. Some companies have begun developing private clouds to protect their data. This turn of events should prompt researchers to develop a method that make data easily accessible whilst at the same time secure from attack. Though certain firms opt to store encrypted information, accessing such data has become a difficult process.18 Conclusion In a current environment where technology is becoming a basic component for an enterprise’s success and a growing number of threats agents, organiz ations must form constructive threat examination techniques to enhance data security. The techniques adopted should be in a position to handle different types of threats as well as predict prospective threats and devising ways to avoid them through the application of past and present experiences. The methodology used should identify potential security measures and expenses that an institution will have by applying the given practices. Predictably, in the near future, attackers are going to be attracted to mobile devices, nation states, and cloud security, and thus it is important for relevant institutions to input practices that can control such attacks from occurring. The threats poised on IT infrastructure are factual, and their impacts are unfavorable, hence the need to avert the threats before they occur. Works Cited Devost, Mathew. Current and Emerging Threats to Information Technology Systems and Critical Infrastructures, 2002. Web. Gollmann, Dieter, and Jeffrey Hunker. Inside r threats in cyber security, Pennsylvania: Springer, 2010. Print. Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Emerging Cybersecurity Issues Threaten Federal Information Systems, 2005. Web. Wenke, Lee, and Bo Rotoloni. Georgia Tech Cyber Security Summit 2012: Emerging  Cyber Threats Report 2013, 2013. Web. Whitman, Michael, and Herbert Mattord. Principles of information security, Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 2011. Print. Footnotes 1Government Accountability Office. Information Security: Emerging Cybersecurity Issues Threaten Federal Information Systems, 2005. Web. p.3 2Dieter Gollmann and Jeffrey Hunker. Insider threats in cyber security, Pennsylvania: Springer, 2010. p. 78. 3Mathew Devost. Current and Emerging Threats to Information Technology Systems and Critical Infrastructures, 2002. Web. p. 20. 4 Gollmann and Hunker, p. 14. 5 Devost, p. 21. 6 Michael Whitman and Herbert Mattord. Principles of information security. Massachusetts: Cengage Learning, 2011, p. 16. 7 Lee Wenke and Bo Rotoloni. Georgia Tech Cyber Security Summit 2012: Emerging Cyber Threats Report 2013, 2013. Web. p. 2. 8 Devost, p. 23. 9 Government Accountability Office, p. 12. 10 Wenke and Rotoloni, p.16. 11 Wenke and Rotoloni, p. 5 12 Whitman and Mattord, p. 32. 13 Wenke and Rotoloni, p. 5. 14 Whitman Mattord, p. 42. 15 Wenke and Rotoloni, p. 8. 16Whitman Mattord, p. 53. 17 Ibid. p.57. 18Wenke and Rotoloni, p. 8. This essay on Constructive threat examination techniques to enhance data security was written and submitted by user Maria Y. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essays

The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essays The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essay The National Assessment System (Nas) in Kenya Essay Over the last few years Kenya has continuously sought to improve the educational system for its students. The National Assessment System (NAS) is an integral system of determining quality assurance in Education. It involves the monitoring of learning achievements of students to assess the quality of education. It is also a systematic evaluation of student learning achievement across the Country. The analytical results are used by policy makers and practitioners to inform the education quality reform process.With data that is comparable across various regions of the Country and over time, policy makers and stakeholders can identify gaps and bring about improvements in the curriculum, teaching and classroom support practices, as well as in the development of learning aids. Kenya’s National Assessment is currently set up as follows: 1. Standard One – Standard Eight : Kenya Certificate of Primary Education 2. Form One – Form 4: Kenya Certifica te of Secondary Education 3. College/University: Various degree examinationsNAS can be divided into six groups namely, Early Childhood Development Education (ECDE) , Primary level ( 8. 4. 4),Secondary Level (8. 4. 4), Tertiary Level, University Level and work world. The education system is facing a major crisis at the secondary and university level. Currently there is a task force on the realignment of the current education system with the new constitution in the bid to assist this problem NAS at the Secondary level focuses on the cognitive (or knowledge) domain.Students learn several subjects divided into categories, languages, humanities, sciences and technical subjects. Article 11 (ii) (a) of the constitution states that the curriculum should promote Science and Indigenous Technologies therefore students learn subjects such as Biology, Chemistry, Physics and Agriculture. The KCSE exam is taken by pupils in all public and private schools and by candidates who undertake private stu dy including prisoners. Every person has a right to education (Article 43).A candidate must take at least two of three science subjects and only a maximum of two humanities subjects. KCSE does not test in the affection domain, except, perhaps subjects in the ethics and religious studies which focus on knowledge rather than character formation. The psychomotor domain is also not covered, except, perhaps practical subjects like Physics, Agriculture, Home Science and Chemistry but again, the assessment focuses on knowledge as there is limited time and scope to assess lifelong skills and know how.Performance in KCSE largely determines progression to university and the profession or occupation in the world of work. In addition there is NAS at the university level. Public university assessments and exams are governed by the senate regulations under the University Act regulating each of the seven public universities. Senates have donated some powers to College Academic Boards (CABs) and sc hool or Faculty Academic Boards.Private university exams and assessments are managed by the respective senates, but subject to the Commission for Higher Education (CHE) under the Universities Act. Oversight on the curriculum (and perhaps the exam process) is increasingly being exercised by accreditation agencies and the relevant professional associations like the Kenya Medical and Dental Practitioners Board and the Kenya Medical Association or the Kenya Dentists Association, respectively. University exams at the undergraduate level are largely summative and still focus on the cognitive (or knowledge) domain.The affective and psychomotor domains are still not (sufficiently) assessed, tested or examined There have been concerns that University Education has now become a commercial venture so that many universities are beginning courses without much emphasis on quality but focusing rather on the profits they can make. Though the CHE has set up mechanisms to ensure that quality educatio n is provided in institutions of higher learning the follow up is not consistent and it is difficult to evaluate the teaching process.As a result many Universities are releasing students that are not quite ready to face the job market as the emphasis is not ensuring students are achieving the learning objectives but that the students are paying for the education. As more Universities offer similar courses it is important that a uniform assessment system is adapted to ensures that students do not leave school half baked but are ready to enter the job market. At the end of the day assessment should support learning as well as measure it.

Odeipus the King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Odeipus the King - Essay Example Antigone (1500 A.D) Psychology of Characters in Antigone Antigone is one of the Sophocles woven in tyranny and culture. The play contains many characters helping in laying the plot of the story. One of the characters is Antigone, the protagonist of the play. Antigone is determined. This is because she decides laying her brother to rest. She refutes King Creon’s decision that Polinices does not entail to be buried (Anouilh & Sam, 2002). She goes ahead to bury Polinices despite the consequences that may befall her. Her sister Isemne tries convincing Antigone, her sister to refute this decision .This is because she worries that her life may be at threat if she buried Polinices. This is in regard to the King’s order that Polinices deserved no burial. Her determination is a trait that compels readers interested in the play. She is also daring because she undertakes burying Polinices, knowing that her life is at threat. This trait helps build the plot because the king pursues her deeds. She is also sallow. Antigone is shown not to be as stunning as her sister Isemne. The other trait is that she is obstinate. This is true concerning the way she disobeys that kings ruling that no one ought to bury Polinices. Disregarding that her life may be at danger, she still resolves burying Polinices. ... For example concluding that Polinices required no burial, this shows his might and authority of ruling. The other trait is that he is unreasonable. His action of deciding that Polinices burial would not happen is a clear proof. The king is inhuman because he tries scheming for the execution of Antigone after she goes against his rulings. Plotting to kill someone is something that is exceedingly wrong. In addition, Creon is cruel concerning his acts of scheming and ordering for Antigones execution. This is because killing is something that is brutal to a person. Moreover, Creon is timid pertaining to his response to Teresia’s prophecy that he would be struck by fury of the spirits. This makes him stop pursuing to kill Antigone. Isemne Isemne, the sister of Antigone, displays various traits. One of the traits is that she is beautiful as conflicting to her sister. The other trait is that she is calm. This trait has its explanations from remaining unruffled despite demise of Polin ices. When her sister is exceedingly vibrant about burying Polinices, Isemne has no issues to do with his. The other trait is that she is collected. This aspect is well depicted in her ability to stay withdrawn to things surrounding the burial of Polinices. Isemne is also reasonable concerning her act of defying rebellion. This is because she persuades her sister not to defy rulings of King Creon (Anouilh & Sams, 2002). In addition, Isemne is also lovable. This is because of the fact that she plays the role of advising her sister, and the fact that she is not disobedient. Another trait is that she is good-natured. This is following the fact that she undertakes telling her sister to obey the king’s rulings. This is however something that

Supply Chain Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Supply Chain Management - Case Study Example Another model of picking location is mixed fulfilment model, which enable customers to order directly and the orders will being dispatched from warehouse as well as supermarkets. This method is regarded to be highly flexible but this method is difficult to schedule by the company (Ody, 2000). The customers of Sainsbury’s are involved with both the method of business to pick the ordered goods on time of delivery from picking centres or supermarkets or warehouse. At times, home delivery approach is also scheduled by the companies for high convenience of customers. However, such approach of distribution and delivery is regarded to be difficult as customer when customer is not available. This situation mainly happens when the ordered goods reach quickly or earlier than pre-defined time at pre-defined location. On the other hand, customers pick the ordered goods directly from regional picking centres and warehouses or supermarkets. These were regarded to the distribution centres for company (Ody, 2000). The Sainsbury’s business utilises the ‘orderline’ technology to run its standalone operations efficiently. However, in the current scenario, for high business expansion as well as sustainability Sainsbury’s needed to incorporate a new IT system within its existing system. To integrate such new technology within the old but will take five years’ time to establish the same. Additionally, the company developed website to stay connected with its customers and assimilated a loyal customer base for better future prospective (Ody,

Role of the Media on Islamophobia Since Trumps Election

Role of the Media on Islamophobia Since Trumps Election Dramatically increased Islamophobia in American Media coverage since Trump’s Presidency: Muslims in America are more vulnerable to bigotry and Islamophobia as a result of Donald Trump’s behaviour and actions Abstract This research paper implies the role of International media in the propagation and multiplication of hatred and hostility vibe against Muslims in the American society since the U.S. presidential election campaign. The objective of this research paper is to focus on the reasons, role of media and Trump’s influence behind the increasing hostility and aggression against Muslims in US, and how it is utilized to legitimize the segregation towards them. Muslims have been more vulnerable to violence, threats and hatred since start of American presidential campaign especially after Trump’s hateful speeches. During the first GOP debate in August 2015, Islamophobia made an appearance just a month later in September 2017, the first incident of Muslims hatred of anti-Muslim occurred. Since 9/11 fear based oppressor exercises by white radical or Christians is a common hone, even after they have slaughtered numbers comparable to those hurt by Muslims. Yet we do not hear any segregati on towards Christianity or Christians by and large indeed in most cases they are displayed as solitary or lone wolf, mental case or medicate fiend but never as a terrorist, American news outlets are also more concerned about non-Muslim victims rather than Muslim victims of terror. Trump has a track record of advocating and encouraging Islamophobia during elections campaign and even after winning the elections. After just a year following the California and France terror attacks he called for a ban of Muslims entering US as it is obvious from his actions and words that he can’t distinguish between extremist’s groups of various radical elements and the rest of the world’s nearly 2 billion Muslims who played no role in these incidents who are merely a victim in all this. Meanwhile, he has been shockingly silent on the attacks on Muslims, showed no concern for Muslims victims whatsoever, which depicts a double standard regarding his concern over the issue of terrori sm. 30 articles have been reviewed for this purpose, the analysis of these research papers recommended that threatening vibe towards Muslims is seen as usual and regular practice in the west not only by common public but also the current President of United States of America. By analysing all the articles, it will be sufficing to say that Trump’s entire political career was based on the hatred towards Muslims and Islamophobia. Keywords: Muslims, Terror incidents, American Media coverage, Lone wolf, Islamophobia, Islam, 9/11, Election Campaign, President Trump, American President, Trump’s Administration Introduction For everyone in America and all over the world it was shocking when Donald Trump suggested a ban on Muslims entering the US, but this behavior towards Muslims has remained a common practice throughout American history. In 2016 Donald Trump’s claim that â€Å"Islam hates us†. What is alarming about this is that it comes from an orientalist misconception which have never been changed over the last 200 years. Reality is that Islam doesn’t hate America or the West. There are certainly Muslims radical organizations who despise the United States, but they do not hate US because of their religion (Saladin, 2016). A critical point in the portrayal of negative media depiction of Muslims happened in the post- 9/11 period, Muslims were freely related with terror. There are several TV pictures, serials, talk shows, cartoons, and news coverage, where Muslims are depicted as uncivilized, anti-modern, anti-democratic, and psychological militants, fundamentalists, radicals, aggressors, primitive, and anti-western. Violent happenings or terror incidents are immediately and mostly linked with Islamic nations by the western media. The western world own major news networks, and TV stations, many of them are headquartered in other nations around the world. Larger part of them is either run by the Jews or is beneath capable campaign of Jews and Christians who significantly restrict any positive accomplishment on portion of the Muslims (Nurullah, 2010). Donald Trump, the GOP presidential front-runner during his elections campaign promoted anti-Muslim stance in the wake of Paris attacks, November 2015 rather than calling for peace, harmony and international unity. Donald Trump’s anti-Muslim statements during his elections campaign and television interviews and appearances on international and national networks impacts millions of viewers across US and the globe (Abdelkader, 2016). The media is connected to religion in the way that it depicts the expression of religion to its given disciples as well as to the individuals out there. It too upgrades the understandings of a specific religion through important insignia of it. Media is basically a platform which spread the message and sets standards. In this way, the media plays two roles in the depiction of religion: to emphatically depict it or delineate it contrarily to the masses. Subsequently, it depends on the editors who select the material to be broadcasted in the media. The beliefs and worldviews of those guardians unequivocally influence the choice of news and occasions. Acts of terrorism committed by people of other faiths are not connected to their devout character. Acc. to the media portrayal, fear mongering in advanced times has ended up the sole trade of Muslims. This wholesome attribution of Muslims as fear mongers has come about in Islamophobia, racial scorn, slaughter, and viciousness (Nacos & Reyna, 2003). This paper analysis the reasons behind the sharp rise in wrongdoings against Islam and Muslims or those seen to be Muslim in America. The article, in any case, will propose that there are critical changes taking put in U.S. culture which will enlighten the reasons why the surge in wrongdoings coordinated at Muslims in America was harsh, but brief (Kaplan, 2006). Further this paper explores President Trump’s anti-Muslim views and actions, linking them to the increase in hate toward Muslims during his tenure. His anti-Muslims actions basically served the political purpose maintaining his political support base of white American class and, creating a divide among west and Muslims (Nuruzzaman, 2017). The Washington Post’s reporting of the November 13, 2015, Paris attack distinguished from the paper’s coverage of the first Ankara assault. In terms of sheer unmistakable quality, coverage of the Paris assault overshadowed coverage of the Ankara assault. The feature conjured the word terror, while the rest of the article described—in distinctive detail—specific scenes of savagery (el-Nawawy, & Elmasry, 2017). The commonality of orthodox representations correlating Muslims with terror in standard media uncovers broad conviction among the makers of media messages that the affiliation, or association, is typical, sensible, and/or satisfactory, which is at that point suggested to, and learned by, youth, instead believing that, the affiliation is unfair and stereotypical and hurts Muslims, making them defenceless to preference and segregation in the public sphere (Jackson, 2010). Currently in US, Muslims are regularly depicted as pariahs in settings of national sharing, despite the fact that they are American-born citizens. Islamophobic conversations are based on the view that Islam don’t belong in the West and that Muslim refugees cannot be truly identified with the states in which they live (Shryock, 2013). The other common narrative is that white Christian extremists who commit terrorist attacks are not terrorists. There are exceptions. The Oklahoma bombing by a white Christian is generally considered to be an act of terrorism, although the attack was initially blamed on Islamic terrorist groups. For the most part, though, â€Å"terrorist† was not a word applied to the white Christian responsible for the Quebec City attack. Nor is he alone in avoiding classification as a terrorist (Corbin, 2017). Literature Review President Trump’s â€Å"America First† narrative is basically the continuation of the Bush’s anti-Muslim stance. It is President Trump’s anti-Muslim rhetoric and actions that have made him look Islamophobic, but he is not only American leader with terrible anti-Muslim mind-sets. His anti-Muslim rhetoric serves his political purpose but at a high cost to the Muslims. Neither did he hide his anti-Muslim sentiments that has created a weird situation in the relationships between the Muslims and Trump’s America (Nuruzzaman). Even if media do not impart public to relate Muslims with terror, they will, in any case, learn that it is typical to do so, that it is recognized in the standard media as sensible or worthy, rather than as damaging to Muslims, who confront segregation, bias, and hatefulness when the breadth of their substances is not considered newsworthy or engaging, lacking an education that basically reacts to the transcendent generalization. Topical, expository, and basic lessons in media proficiency must complement the formal educational programs approximately Islam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what is eventually depicted as typical to think regarding Muslims in the mass media. What specific assets are utilized is not as critical as what is communicated through their consideration: that standard messages are inadequate or biased, and that informed members of an equitable society must hook with numerous viewpoints when it comes to troublesome, disputable subjects to act independently and in an educated way inside society (Jackson). Even with the strong opposition even from political parties and public opinion and with the disrespect for the American Constitution, why is it so that Trump still had so much support? It’s because he influences that fear that still prevails in people minds after 9/11 which is sufficient enough to believe that Muslims hates America and wants to harm them (Mutum, 2016). Soon after Trump’s Presidency, he begins carrying out the campaign he promises, the first travel bans a prerequisite. â€Å"The Muslim ban is something that in some form has morphed into extreme vetting from certain areas of the world.† (Patel, & Levinson-Waldman 2017). Conservative leader who openly share their hate for Muslims have escalates negative approaches. For the propagation of Islamophobia, the tremendous majority shares the media is partly guilty. The generalizations that are propagated in the media may not have pernicious expectation, but they are belittling to Muslims and may lead to incognito and unmistakable separation on interpersonal levels (Al-Hamdani, 2016). The 2016 U.S. presidential caused another wave of Islamophobia, threatening American Muslims freedom. In 2015, there were almost 174 incidents of anti-Muslim violence and Muslims suffered due to such attacks as they were more likely to be the victim of the crimes and assaults as compare to non-Muslims (Abdelkader, 2016). Role of a Muslim women in society is often projected through media which has become the main source of learning these days. Despite of social practice mostly Muslims women are viewed as subjugated, backward, oppressed and inclined toward terror (Watt, 2012). Donald Trump’s speeches indicated the rise in hatred towards Muslims in USA.   Donald said that Muslims only care for Jihad indicating ISIS, and Muslims hates US.   Acc. To Trump, â€Å"why does President Obama defend Muslims in America? Oh, I can see that he is one of them, he is a Muslim, right?† From this it is obvious that Trump really hates Muslim and President Obama. By all this he was trying to construct the bad image of Muslim to gain supports form the American society. He builds his own image of a leader for all the Non-Muslims and supporters of Anti Muslims sentiments which especially effected the family of terrorism victims. (Puspitasari, 2016) The affiliation of Islam with terror has come to be acknowledged as fragment of the discourse on security and terrorism; it will be sufficing to say that â€Å"Muslim† and â€Å"terrorist† have ended up nearly synonymous (Eid, & Karim, 2011). The narrative â€Å"our Lone wolf/ Your terrorists† by Phillips and many others, depicts the relation between civilizing Christians and regressing Islam.   (Humphrys, 2012). If Trump didn’t create the terror narrative such a racial stereotype, white innocence and white supremacy his administration did exploit these theme. These two propagandas complement each other and their consequence effect Muslims a lot (Corbin, 2017). It is obvious from the behavior of the voter that Trump follower’s attitudes on the views like sexism, authoritarianism and Islamophobia differs from that of Clinton, influence of Islamophobia is strong in Trump’s followers (Blair, 2016). Trump’s Muslims hate during the atmosphere of terror incidents make the environment even more intense which influence his presidential campaign (Beydoun, 2017). Brooks, R. A, claims that Muslim inhabitants or citizens of the US symbolise to a genuine and developing terror threat to American society, especially in their assumed readiness or capacity to execute dangerous assaults in the US. It doesn’t seem that Muslim Americans are progressively influenced or proficient of involving terror assaults against their inhabitants (Brooks, 2011). This study revealed that of media coverage of such terror incidents are based on the concept of depicting Islam as a culture and religion of violence and fear, while US is a great Christian country. Coverage of terrorism highlights contrast in religion, demonizing Muslims and civilising Christians. Fatalities of terror were characterized as innocent, imploring, Christian, and otherworldly in a few ways, being slaughtered, harmed or frightened by wicked Muslim terrorist. In the US Media coverage assist in creating a sense of triviality of domestic terrorism and highlights devout contrasts that contribute to a ‘‘holy war,’’ while upgrading a culture of fear of Muslims and Islam (Powell, 2011). Long-term and short-term revelation to media labelling of Muslims as terrorists increases recognitions  of Muslims as destructive, which in turn increments  bolster for policies that hurt Muslims locally and globally (Saleem, Prot, Anderson, Lemieux, 2017). The occasions  of 9/11 constrained  the media’s hand to cover the Muslim and Arab minorities more regularly. This moreover caused the press to show news consumers with a more inclusive picture of these groups. One consequence was that the news media allowed Muslim-Americans more access after 9/11, and individuals  of this minority made themselves accessible to the media (Nacos & Torres-Reyna, 2003). The augment of Islamophobia in the West has raised concerns among analysts  and policymakers. While the standard media and a few political leaders relate Islam with savagery, the reports by noticeable organizations focus upon a common loathe of Muslims. An initial look at the clear figures uncovered that Western citizens hold different approaches of Islamophobic outlooks and these views from a general feeling around Muslims to the discernment of Muslims as compassionate of terrorist organizations (Ciftci, 2012). Being a victim of such forms of biasness on ordinary basis can prompt character issues. The effort of combining and absorbing  two diverse  societies  can regularly  feel like an amusement  of tug of war for Muslim Americans Youth (Al-Hamdani). Due to Trump’s hate towards Muslims general public of America believes trump is a solution to the â€Å"Muslim problem† in the west. But in reality since his election campaign and after the presidency situation stared to get worse as he has no understanding of basic human rights or the respect for the different religions and the people (Greene, 2016). The terms such as â€Å"terrorist† and â€Å"guerilla† which were endorsed by American Media after 9/11 as public relies on Media for information so this framing influenced the public opinion (Eid, & Karim 2011). US need to realise that real enemy is not Islam nor the Muslims in US it’s their ignorance (Bennett, 2016). Islamophobia or hatred towards Muslims is not going to make America great again (Carlson, 2016). Hypothesis President Trump’s entire political career and his success in 2017 elections was based on Islamophobia. Muslims in America are more vulnerable to bigotry and Islamophobia as a result of Donald Trump’s behaviour and actions. Trump call for Shutting Down Mosques In the wake of Paris terrorist attacks Donald Trump called for shutting down the Mosques. â€Å"Trump Doubles Down On Closing Mosques: Were Gonna Have No Choice (VIDEO).† Thus resulting in increased in directly attacks on mosques. This surged once again in December, 2015 which resultantly increased the number of attacks on mosques and Islamic schools dramatically as compare to the beginning of presidential campaign. In most cases the suspects were public supporters of presidential candidate Donald Trump. This political rhetoric created fertile ground for hatred and fear against Muslims in US. These attacks on mosques and Islamic institutes sends a strong message all over the world that Muslims are not welcome and not safe in the American society (Abdelkader). Trump Supporters are more likely to be Islamophobic In relapses to anticipate voting for Clinton or Trump, attitude measures were the strongest, noteworthy indicators of voting eagerly. The design would lead one to anticipate social dominance introduction to altogether foresee voting for Trump, but due to the overpowering quality of Islamophobia in anticipating votes for Trump, social dominance introduction did not come out as a critical indicator of voting for Trump vs. all others. People were more than 3 times more likely to vote for Trump for 2/4 each step they expanded on the Islamophobia scale and 2.6 times more likely to be undecided or voting for a third party candidate for each step that they diminished on the Islamophobia scale (Blair, 2016). All Terrorists Are Muslims This biased media depiction implies that Muslims are more inclined towards violence and hatred thus making them a threat to US and other western societies. Hence, it is important to part the general perceptions about Muslims from more specific approaches linking Muslims to aggression and terrorism (Ciftci). Association of Islam with terrorism seems to be accepted as part of the communication on security and terrorism, so much that the words â€Å"Muslim† and â€Å"terrorist† have become almost identical (Eid & Karim, 2011). This description of all Muslims as one psychological ‘species’, horribly chronological as it is, can at that point be utilized regularly  interface  Muslim  outrage  with all the ills of Islam, repeating the same xenophobia this time in pseudo-psychological discussion (Humphrys, 2012). Mass media links Islam and Muslims, with terrorism, depicting the religion and the group most normally as irrational, fundamentalist, and/or inclined to receptive aggression (Jackson). Why this was happening and what was the origin? Trump may not be the reason for making situation worse for Muslims in US but he didn’t help either (Bennett, 2016). Trump’s racist election campaign The racist factor during Trump’s election campaign help his throughout his entire political career. It is really ironic that in the most developed country like US a person like Trump can win with majority, most of the researchers believes that Trump won the elections due to his racism and Islamophobic stance and it was due to his attitude that caused the uprising and protest in throughout US even when his votes were being counted (OFarrell, 2017). What makes this even more threatening is that Trump is very bold, open and vocal about his feeling about anything (Carlson, 2016). No White People Are Terrorists In today’s mass societies individuals are indeed more reliant on the news since they have â€Å"nowhere else to turn for information about general affairs and for guidelines on how to perceive and decipher that information† (Neuman, Russell, Just & Crigler 1996). A Muslim accountable for aggression that expresses adoration for previous mass shooters and writes â€Å"[t]hose that allow their God to be mocked have no God† would instantly be branded a terrorist. A white Christian accountable for aggression that expresses adoration for the Charleston attacker and who compose that exceptional sentence, however, is not (Corbin). The Washington Post portrays assault against Western European targets (2015-2016), and assault against Muslim majority communities, differently. In covering assaults on France and Belgium, The Post utilized â€Å"terrorism frames† to formulate coverage while constantly humanizing victims and drawing associations between European societies and the Western world more usually. Assaults against Turkey and Nigeria were covered less significantly and were mainly portrayed as domestic clash (el-Nawawy & Elmasry).   Accordingly, journalists, editors and producers in the news media make decisions persistently about who, how and what to display  in the news; such choices are affected by their organizations’ standard working  methods  (Nacos & Torres-Reyna, 2003).   Major networks in US rarely aired helpful content for Muslims  neither externally nor internally.   Important issues that consider on the news about Muslims involve residential security, worldwide clashes, and terrorism (Al-Hamdani, Y, 2016). The Islamophobic Trump’s Administration Trump’s hate and bigotry which laid foundation to his political career has now reached White House. His team includes some Islamophobics like Steve Bannon, Michael Flynn, and Sebastian Gorka. Trump support and inclination towards Muslims has encouraged hateful elements to act freely against Muslims (Patel & Levinson-Waldman, 2017). Subjugation of Muslim Women In the evolution of chronological Islamophobia to gendered Islamophobia, Juliane Hammer outlined the complications of Islamophobia focussed towards Muslim women in America. She makes the case that gender, as a social develop, is depicted as Muslim men being brutal terrorists and Muslim women being dominated by Muslim men; thus the need for Muslim women to be liberate from their religion and civilization (Ernst, 2013). Instead of the fact that social tradition shifts broadly, numerous non-Muslims have tended to view the role of women as permanent and homogenous, and western societies deliver a set of presumptions and depictions about the Islamic custom of covering for ladies which build it as a representation of backwardness, spiritual fundamentalism, male domination, and terrorism (Watt, 2012). Discrimination among White Terrorists & Muslim Terrorists Reporting of terrorist incidents shows a design of media coverage of terrorism in which fear of global terrorism is central, mainly as Muslims=Arabs=Islam functioning mutually in structured terrorist cells in opposition to ‘‘Christian America,’’ whereas household terrorism is radiate as a slight danger that occurs in confined occurrences by disturbed people (Powell). As Glenn Greenwald wrote in Salon (2011): What it says is what we’ve seen over an over: that Terrorism has no purposeful meaning and, in any case in American political conversations, has come partially to mean: aggression committed by Muslims whom the West loathes, no matter the reason or the objective. Undoubtedly, in many media circles, argument of the Oslo assault rapidly morphed from this is Terrorism (when it was accepted Muslims did it) to no, this isn’t Terrorism, just extremism (once it got to be likely that Muslims didn’t).   The Politics of Islamophobia These political views of Trump were shared by precedence Presidents and pioneers as well (Beydoun, 2017). Western citizens see Muslims as obsessive, aggressive and supportive of terrorism because they believe them to be hostile to their physical well-being and social values. This feeling is used by media and right-wing leaders to nourish the xenophobia of a new variety (Ciftci, 2012). The media also reported that pioneers like President Bush and New York’s Mayor Rudi Giuliani advice Americans not to express their rage toward cultural and devout minorities. It appears that these reports did not obliterate the public’s questions regarding Muslim- and Arab-Americans’ patriotism (Nacos, & Torres-Reyna, 2003). Ban on Muslims On March 6, 2017, Trump issued an executive order that hits Muslims. This ban has a variety of negative outcomes and more far reaching consequences. It reinforces the idea of Islamophobia in the country, thus the US administration is responsible for promoting hate against Muslims not only in the US but the whole world. The first executive order, January 2017 faced protests by disheartened Americans across the US. Trump administration’s unjust ban on Muslims community helped Muslims American in gaining sympathetic support among America’s mainstream. (Jamal, 2017). Conclusion Lack of interest and knowledge regarding Muslims, their culture, norms and values leads to a manipulative Islamophobia. Muslims must be sentient that in the view of Non –Muslims they represent themselves collectively not individually. Media should play a vital role in negating such anti-Muslim propagandas. Balanced news reporting of Muslims, in the US as well as internationally, can decrease the perception that Muslims are supporting terrorism or extremist activities. The Muslim community is diverse in US in many aspects of race, class or creed so associating an individual, as a Muslim on the basis of their appearance is not usually accurate. When society assumes that all Muslims practices same religious practices and convictions, they are making the judgment that fundamentally all the Muslim community is same there no distinction between the individuals of that bunches and all of them are inalienably homogeneous. Why precisely is this fear and hate occurring in spite of the fact that and where is it coming from? Trump isn’t the reason Americans are undermining Muslims and mosques in specific all through the US, but he isn’t making a difference either. After each incident that happens including a terror assault, hate crimes emerge. An article by Corky Siemaszko from NBC found that after the Paris assaults, 38 anti-Muslim assaults happened in the blink of an eye from there on. 18 of those assaults happened straightforwardly after the December 2nd butcher in San Bernardino as well. Politically incorrect statements like this are fueling the fire of the fear and hatred the American people are feeling. The generalizations that are circulated in the media may not have hurtful expectation, but they are maligning Muslims picture in the western society and may lead to clandestine and obvious separation on interpersonal levels. Representations in US media of Islam and Muslims barely scratch the surface when it comes to the differing qualities of the community, around the world: in Middle East, in UN, and in other Western and Eastern nations. Thematic, logical, and critical lessons in media education must complement the formal educational programs almost Islam to optimize the dynamic mindfulness and basic gathering of what is eventually depicted as ordinary to think almost Muslims in the mass media. It will suffice to say that Donald Trump due to his hatred towards Muslims has made the situation in the USA for Muslims worst after terrorism attacks in California and San Bernardino. He manipulates and takes advantage from these attack which are committed by Muslim to provoke anti Muslims elements and gain their favour like he did during his elections campaign by announcing a ban on Muslim from entering US. Due to which the anti-Muslims elements side with and cast vote for him, his Islamophobic actions contribute to his political career and success making the life of Muslims in US worse and worse day by day. References Al-Hamdani, Y. (2016). Islamophobia and the young Muslim American experience (Doctoral dissertation, Middle Tennessee State University). Abdelkader, E. (2016). When Islamophobia turns violent: the 2016 US presidential elections. Brooks, R. A. (2011). Muslim â€Å"homegrown† terrorism in the United States: how serious is the threat?. International Security, 36(2), 7-47. Blair, K. L. (2016). A ‘basket of deplorables’? A new study finds that Trump supporters are more likely to be Islamophobic, racist, transphobic and homophobic. USApp–American Politics and Policy Blog. Beydoun, K. A. (2017). Muslim Bans and the (Re) Making of Political Islamophobia. U. Ill. L. Rev., 1733. Bennett, S. (2016). Republican Party Jumps on Board for Islamophobia. Ciftci, S. (2012). Islamophobia and threat perceptions: Explaining anti-Muslim sentiment in the West. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(3), 293-309. Carlson, G. A. (2016). I’m Not Racist, I Love Those People: How Trump’s Language Reveals His Bigotry. Corbin, C. M. (2017). Terrorists are Always Muslim But Never White: At the Intersection of Critical Race Theory and Propaganda. Eid, M., & Karim, K. H. (2011). Ten years after 9/11—What have we learned?. Global Media Journal—Canadian Edition, 4(2), 1-12. el-Nawawy, M., &Elmasry, M. H. (2017). Valuing Victims: A Comparative Framing Analysis of The Washington Post’s Coverage of Violent Attacks Against Muslims and Non-Muslims. International Journal of Communication, 11, 20. Greenwald, G. (2011). The Omnipotence of Al Qaeda and Meaninglessness of ‘Terrorism.’.  Salon, July,  23. Greene, R. L. (2016). Islamophobia â€Å"Trumps† Reason. Humphrys, E. (2012). Your ‘Terrorists’, Our ‘Lone Wolves’: Utà ¸ya in the shadow of 9/11. Journal of International Relations Research, 72. Jackson, L. (2010). Images of Islam in US media and their educational implications. Jamal, A. A. (2017). Trump (ing) on Muslim Women: The Gendered Side of Islamophobia. Journal of Middle East Womens Studies, 13(3), 472-475. Kaplan, J. (2006). Islamophobia in America?: September 11 and Islamophobic Hate Crime 1. Terrorism and Political Violence, 18(1), 1-33. Nacos, B. L., & Torres-Reyna, O. (2003). Framing Muslim-Americans before and after 9/11.  Framing terrorism: The news media, the government, and the public, 133-158. Nurullah, A. S. (2010). Portrayal of Muslims in the media:â€Å"24† and the ‘Othering’process. International Journal of Human Sciences, 7(1), 1020-1046. Nuruzzaman, M. (2017). President Trump’s Islamophobia and the Muslims: A Case Study in Crisis Communication. International Journal of Crisis Communication, 1(1), 16-20. Neuman,Russell W.,Marion R. Just and Ann N. Crigler. 1996. Common Knowledge: News and the Construction of Political Meaning. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Mutum, D. M. (2016). Leading Trump: Why the United States Shouldn’t Accept the Hand that has been Dealt. OFarrell, D. (2017). Trump’s first 5 months-this isn’t normal Irish Marxist Review, 6(18), 55-64. Powell, K. A. (2011). Framing Islam: An analysis of US media coverage of terrorism since 9/11. Communication Studies, 62(1), 90-112. Puspitasari, D. G. ISLAMOPHOBIA PORTRAYED IN DONALD TRUMP’S PRESIDENTIAL SPEECHES. SENABASTRA| 8, 57. Patel, F., & Levinson-Waldman, R. (2017). The Islamophobic Administration. Brennan Center for Justice.   Saleem, M., Prot, S., Anderson, C. A., & Lemieux, A. F. (2017). Exposure to Muslims in media and support for public policies harming Muslims. Communication Research, 44(6), 841-869. Saladin, C. S. (2016). What do Donald Trump and John Quincy Adams have in Common? Islamophobia. Shryock, A. J. (2013). Attack of the Islamophobes. In Islamophobia in America (pp. 145-174). Palgrave Macmillan US. Watt, D. (2012). The urgency of visual media literacy in our post-9/11 world: Reading images of Muslim women in the print news media. Journal of Media Literacy Education, 4(1), 4.

The Pencil Box :: essays research papers

THE PENCIL BOX   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Nobody liked Jane. As soon as Emily Sweet found that copy of Anne of Green Gables—a three-hundred-page-long book! —in Jane's faded purple kindergarten backpack, that was it. Any hope Jane had for a normal life, for swing on the swings, for making a life long friend, someone to share secrets and giggles with, someone to teeter totter with, was over, because nobody likes the smart girl. Nobody likes someone who totes a three hundred page long book to read on the bus. That is the jungle gym's unwritten rule.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Well, maybe it's not totally accurate to say that nobody liked Jane. That's not an entirely true statement. Teachers liked Jane. Teachers loved Jane, even though Jane thought they had a funny way of showing it, giving her another worksheet to do when she finished the assigned worksheet fifteen minutes before the rest of the class, telling her parents that Jane was a special child, maybe they should move her to a higher grade and her parents always saying no, we want our daughter to have a normal childhood. It became quite normal for them to have these conversations while Jane sat outside the door wit ha garage sale, dog eared copy of Gone With the Wind—a five-hundred-page-long book! —swinging her patent leather Mary Jane shoes because they didn't reach the ground and she had to do something to keep her attention through the first twenty pages, pages she always found sub-standard to an otherwise exhilarating book. Yes, supposedly teachers just loved Jan e. That's what all the other children accused them of, love, favoritism, unfair grading, and things like that. They just loved Jane, even though they showed it weird ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It took Jane's second grade teacher, Mrs. Terada to really show some Jane some love. Jane thought Mrs. Terada was an absolute nitwit, with her long skinny arms and legs, looking down at all the children through a tiny pair of glasses perched on the end of her nose. And oh, it took all the acting Jane could muster to smile and nod, to not roll her eyes and stick out her tongue when Mrs. Terada presented her with the box. The box sat next to the rattling heat register (that always seemed to work in September, never in December). Under its hot pink cover were rows and rows of manila files, each containing a set of math worksheets, maybe a short story with comprehension questions at the end.

Organisations and Behaviour Essay

The Purpose of management is to set collective goals for the organisation and communicate to members of the organisation. They make sure these goals are met organisational structures and systems are designed to make members ‘pull’ together and so that resources are utilised efficiently and effectively. They also create and sustain a corporate identity and culture; they look after the interests of the organisation’s stakeholders too. Managers need to control what goes on in their department, they also need to make sure that everything is co-ordinated otherwise things wont happen properly and problems will start to occur. They are very commanding in order to get jobs done properly and on time and also to show that they are the ones with the authority, i.e. the one who is in charge, what I say goes. Management are given many different types of authority so that they can then implement what they have to do in their role as a manager. They have power, which is the ability to do something or get others to do it. Their authority gives them the right to do something or get others to do it. Along with these comes responsibility, which is where the liability of a person is called into account for the way authority has been exercised. Finally there are also able to delegate, this means that they give a subordinate authority over a defined area of which is within their own scope of authority, they hand over work to someone else but and not rid of the responsibility and work fully. Read more:  Explain the Nature of Groups and Group Behaviour Within Organisations Managers have a number of roles; they consist of interpersonal, informational and decisional. A man called Henry Mintzberg in 1973 identified these roles. An interpersonal role is one that shows leadership, and consists of figurehead, leader and liaison. The interpersonal role has a very important factor known as ‘coaching’. According to Needham et al (1999 p214) â€Å"Coaching is an ongoing process in which one person works closely with another to develop skills and abilities†. An interpersonal manager would need to be a good coach I order to be effective. They build one-to-one relationships with the people they work with in order to build up loyalty and support and at the same time they unleash their full potential. The informational role is an administrating role and consists of monitoring, disseminator and spokesman. Managers in this role are supposed to be able to process information with confidence. They are also supported by information technology in this role, they need to be able to adapt to the changes that happen to rapidly in this environment. The decisional role is a kind of fixing role and involves entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. The managers in this type of role have to make decisions; this means they need to choose courses of action from a set of different alternatives available. There are two main type of decisions, programmed and non-programmed. Herbert Simon (1957, cited in Needham et al 1999 p214) says that Programmed decisions â€Å"are straight forward, repetitive and routine, so that they can be dealt with by a formal pattern† and that Non-programmed decisions â€Å"are novel, unstructured and consequential. There is no cut-and-dried method for handling situations that have not arisen before†. Over the years the way people thought about management and the way they implemented different strategies has changed vastly. To start with back in the early 1900’s there was a scientific approach to management brought about by a man called F W Taylor. Each work process was to be analysed and then by a scientific method it was possible to find the best way for people to do their task or job. Taylor’s thought was that in the same way that there is one special machine that was best for doing one certain job, there is one specific way by which people should undertake their jobs. They would get what was described as a fair days pay for a fair days pay. If workers were to take up Taylor’s methods of working their wages would increase due to it being a more efficient and productive way of working and thus they would become more motivated. However, when actually implemented there became strong criticisms and reactions to his scientific management methods as workers actually found the work boring and weren’t interested, as it required very little skill from them. The workers saw this as disempowerment of them and didn’t like it. So although this was one of the very first approaches to management Drucker (1976, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p52) says â€Å"Taylor’s greatest impact may still be ahead †¦. The need to study Taylor anew and apply him may be the greatest in the developed countries† suggesting that we may still need to use this theory in present day organisations. Moving on into the 1920’s brought Webber and Fayol with their classical administration/bureaucracy approach to management. This type of management brought sets of official positions, with rules for experts and rules for officials. It showed clear hierarchical authority structure. Impersonal actions by managers in dealing with clients and other workers were seen in order to get rational judgements and a good performance of duties. There are four main features of the bureaucracy theory, they consist of: 1. Specialisation – of the job, so that should the current jobholder leave the job can still continue to function. 2. Hierarchy of authority – a very clear and sharp distinction is made between the workers and the management. And then within the management there are clear ranks between levels of authority, just like what can be seen in current day armed forces. 3. System of rules – this is where the ‘impersonal’ bit comes in as they were set to provide efficient, impersonal operation. These rules are set to provide a stable environment, even though some of the rules are open to change. 4. Impersonality – The rules set down above in number 3 are used to allocate privileges and exercise authority. The characteristics of impersonality are a feature of bureaucracy. Stewart, R (1986, cited in, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p55) says â€Å"A bureaucracy should not only be impersonal but be seen to be impersonal.† This impersonal-ness in relationships leads to a lack or responsiveness with some incidents and problems. There was also an over emphasis on the rules and procedures in bureaucracy method. Caulkin (1988, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p56) criticises this over emphasis by saying â€Å"The overemphasis on process rather than purpose, fragmented responsibilities and hierarchical control means that it’s all too easy for individuals to neglect the larger purposes to which their small effort is being put† People then began to recognise about this impersonal-ness and came upon the fact that the workers needs had to be recognised somewhat. This was known as the human relations approach and brought about by Blake, Mouton and Hertzberg in the 1920-1930s. The human relations theory was a major turning point as it started to take into account the needs, values and relationships of the workers. The workforce became more motivated and satisfied job wise, as the human relations approach recognised the importance of informal organisations. They emphasised the needs of wider social needs of individuals and gave recognition to social organisations. The importance of groups and values was emphasised which influenced their individual behaviour at work. All of this led to continued attention being paid to matters such as job satisfaction, group dynamics, participation, leadership and motivation. However, certain criticisms of the human relations approach were that it was not scientific enough and it ignored the role of the organisation itself in how society operates and so another theory was introduced, called The System’s theory. Katz and Kahn introduced the System’s theory in the 1960’s. The systems approach tries to reconcile the theories of Webber and Fayol with that of Hertzberg. It focuses on the interrelationships of structure and behaviour within the organisation. There are two types of systems, an ‘open’ and a ‘closed’ system. A closed system is one that is shut off from its environment. Whilst an open system is usually business related organisationally and it involves continual interaction with its broader external environment. They take in influences from ‘outside’ as INPUTS and produces/influences the environment using OUTPUTS. Every system can have many sub-systems, some including marketing, sales accounts departments etc. INPUTS PROCESS OUTPUTS Materials, Labour, Machinery, Land. Products, Services, Profit. As we moved on into the 1970’s along came the contingency approach, mainly Burns and Stalker brought this to us. The contingency approach shows the importance of structure as a significant influence on the organisational performance. It is also seen as an extension to the systems theory. There is no on optimum state in this approach. The structure and success of an organisation is dependant on the total picture of internal factors and external environment. This type of approach shows that not one style of organisational structure is suitable for all types of businesses, it all depends on the circumstances and structure at that particular moment in time. This theory suggests that an organisation should not seek just one best type of structure to use but that they should look at the present situation and relevant background factors that influence management decisions. The final and most current management theory came about in the 1980’s. This is known as the chaos theory and was brought to us by Tom Peters. The chaos theory tries to make organisations emphasise on the fact that they need to prepare themselves for turbulence, rather than having a rigid, inflexible structure with fixed conditions. It incorporates the contingency approach as it suggests that you should prepare for the unexpected with contingency plans. You can see that the chaos theory is working in current day situations as shown by Peters. Peters, T.J and Waterman, R.H (1982, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p58) â€Å"found that excellent American companies achieved quick action just because their organisations were fluid, and had intensive networks of informal and open communications†. Part A – (2) Two organisations that I am going to compare are Irwin Mitchell Solicitors and Signfab. Irwin Mitchell Solicitors is a formal, geographical organisation as it has branches across the UK and is run through a partnership. Whilst Signfab is a small local, informal organisation which is run by a sole trader. There are many different approaches to management that could be taken by an organisation, one would be the Theory X and Theory Y approach brought about by McGregor. The main principle of Theory X is based on direction and control through a centralised system of the organisation and the exercise of authority. Whilst Theory Y bases itself on the integration of individual and organisational goals. These Theories influence a range of managerial behaviours and strategies. Managers of Theory X take an authoritative approach and those of Theory Y use a more democratic one. Signfab seems to take a Theory Y approach to its management. In Theory Y management they would check peoples attitudes and skills rather than their references, they would also have frequent informal contacts with their employees rather than consulting them through trade unions. Also the pay scheme for Theory Y is mainly based on a salary and profit related pay, whilst Theory X uses piece rate pay and a personal performance related pay. If you look at the theories that Fayol and Mintzberg took to management we can compare them to what managers currently take in modern day organisations. In the organisation Signfab I would say that they seem to use Mintzberg’s managerial roles. Mintzberg says that there are 10 different roles of managers. Interpersonal, which consists of a figurehead, leader and liaison. Informational, which consists of monitor, disseminator and a spokesperson. And lastly decisional roles these involve entrepreneur, disturbance handler, resource allocator and a negotiator. On an average day Signfab the owner of Signfab would take on almost all of these managerial roles. He would become a figurehead, leader, monitor, spokesperson, disturbance handler, resource allocator and negotiator. He uses all of these roles because he takes on the jobs of selling products to consumers, sorting out the finance for daily, weekly, monthly running of the business, he briefs his employees on new tasks they have to do and daily jobs that need finishing. He also has to ensure the equipment is safe and working properly for them to use, he takes care of the advertising and takes orders for items to be made and places orders for new stock that they need and then he also gets involved in the making of the products himself on a daily basis. There is also the Chaos theory; this is where the organisations need to be able to move with the turbulent world that we live in today. When the unexpected happens they need to have a plan of what to do so that things are not to badly disrupt and their organisation may still function properly. A key concept of the Chaos theory is that tiny small changes in the input of the organisation and environment result in overwhelming differences in the output. According to Needham et al (1999 p201) â€Å"clearly the emphasis for the modern organisation should be on thriving on chaos. This requires forward-thinking and adaptive structures†. In the organisation Irwin Mitchell Solicitors the managers had a more empowering approach to their management. If you take the theories of Henri Fayol you can see that his theories have a more hierarchical structure to management. Managers have 5 main functions in Fayol’s theory; they consist of – planning, co-ordinating, organising, control and command. The planning function means that they had to decide what needs doing and then make a plan of action. The co-ordinating meant that they were harmonising all the activities and effort of the organisation in order to make possible its working and success. The organising meant that they provided material/human resources and building the structure in order to carry out the activities of the organisation. The controlling was checking that everything was occurring in accordance with their plans, instructions and established principles. Finally the commanding meant that they were maintaining the activity among personnel, getting the best return from all employees in the interest of the whole organisation. Irwin Mitchell’s had a very strict set of procedures and plans for what needed to be done in time for the end of the financial year. Their managers were all very co-ordinated in that each department was in some way connected to the one next to it and they quite often had meetings to see how they could get their teams to work more efficiently between them. There was a very big sense of control over the workers in that your manager checked everything you did. The managers were also very commanding as they hardly ever did the work you did they were more into dictating what needed to be done and then expecting it to get done without their assistance. There was a very long chain of command style structure, as you reported to and any problems to your team leader, who then reported it to her/the department manager, who in turn reported it to the site manager who then reported to the directors of the Sheffield branch. The managers had a lot of authority and unity of command in this organisation. Their approach was very structured and hierarchical, in that the higher up the scalar chain you were the more authority, power and command you had. Part B – (1) Organisational culture is known as the way we do things around here. A more detailed version according to Miner (1971, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p803) would be that organisational culture is â€Å"†¦the collection of traditions, values, policies, beliefs and attitudes that constitute a pervasive context for everything we do and think in an organisation†. Organisations reinforce culture through their rites and rituals, patterns or communication, the expected patterns of behaviour and the informal organisation. Schein (1985, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p803) suggests â€Å"a view of organisational culture based on distinguishing three levels of culture: artefacts and creations, values and basic assumptions†. Level 1 – The Artefacts: These are the most visible aspects, the physical and social environment. They include things like physical space and layout, management style, technological output, written and spoken language and the behaviour of group members. Level 2 – The Values: These are solutions for how to deal with a new task, issue or problem, which are based on convictions of reality. If the solution works it is often then transformed into beliefs. These values and beliefs then become part of a process whereby group members justify actions and behaviour. Level 3 – The Basic Underlying Assumption: When the solutions to problems mentioned in level 2 work repeatedly it gets taken for granted. These assumptions actually guide behaviour and determine how the group member perceive, think and feel about things. There are four main types of culture, these consist of Power, Role, Task and Person. * Power culture is also sometimes known as club culture. A key feature of this type of culture is centralisation of power. Power culture is often found in small organisations where control lies with one single person or a small group of individuals. The power culture structure can often be seen to be drawn as a spider’s web style diagram. This is because there is a central power source and rays of influence spread out from there. In power culture decisions are made by high-status individuals, rather than a group of people, because of this the decisions can be made extremely quickly. A bad point about power culture is that other workers in the organisation may feel demoted by a lack of challenge and suppressed by those with the power. The web may crack if they support to many activities . a good example of this would have been the Ford Motor Company , up until the early 1980’s its approach to management was functional specialisation, with hierarchy and tight control. * Role Culture, a typical example of a role culture organisation would be a bureaucratic one, where they are divided into layers of offices and officials, with sets of functions that get determined by sets of rules and procedures. Organisations like this operate by using logic and reason. They would also be arranged according to different functions, such as marketing, human relations and finance. In role culture, power is hierarchical and determined by the employees’ position, like in the armed forces with generals, colonels and majors. A job description and set of communication procedures determine the relationship between each role. Position is ‘the’ source of power and the main source of influence are the rules and procedures. There is little scope for individual initiative and recognition making jobholders feel cramped and no room for development, this being a major disadvantage to the role culture organisations. * Task culture is team oriented. Needham et al (1999 p251) describe this type of culture as â€Å"A task culture is job- or project-oriented and emphasis is placed on completing a specific task†. The ‘task’ states the way in which the work is organised as oppose to the individuals or rules like in power and role cultures respectively. Task culture is often illustrated in the form of a net, with some strands being thicker then others and most of the power and influence laying at the interstices of the net. Task cultures are rewarding environments to work in because the employees have a large amount of freedom and flexibility. All this lack of authority can make management and control of this type of culture difficult though. In today’s work force we can increasingly see more and more emphasis placed on team working style cultures. * Person culture is rarely found in a profit-related organisation as they exist only to serve those within their own organisation. You are most likely to see examples of person culture in co-operatives, barristers’ chambers and architects’ partnerships. This is because you usually see a cluster of individuals all operating at the same level in person culture. Hierarchies are not possible in person culture, unless by mutual consent, given a choice though most people would opt for this type of culture. Each organisation will use their own choice of culture , some larger businesses will use a mix of cultures. There are many things that influence the development of corporate culture. Some of these influences are: * History – the age, values of owners and way in which the organisation was originally formed all effect the culture. A merger or reorganisation of management also change the type of culture used. * Primary functions and technology – The businesses’ primary function affects the culture. Primary function of an organisation is the nature of methods of undertaking work, this effects the culture but also the structure too. * Goals and objectives – An organisation will want to be profitable but they will also have to give their objectives and goals attention, the resultant strategies of their objectives will effect and be effected by the change in culture. * Size – Rapid growth or decline in size and the rate or growth and all the results that come from these, like staffing procedures influence the structure and culture. * Location – The geographical and physical characters of an organisation have a major influence on the culture of the organisation. * Management and staffing – Top managers, directors and executives all have a considerable effect on the nature of the corporate culture. * The Environment – An organisation must be responsive to external environmental factors in order to be an effective business. So from all this we can see that the culture of an organisation is an important thing for them to have stated. It helps to account for all sorts of variations among organisations and managers, on a national and international scale. As Oliver, J (1977, cited in Management and Organisational Behaviour, 1999 p807) mentions â€Å"it helps to explain why different groups of people perceive things in their own way and perform things differently from other groups†. Part B – (2) Irwin Mitchell Solicitors Structure: There are four different areas of the UK where this organisation exists. I have focused on the Sheffield one, as that is where I was. However, they all the other sites were run in the same way that the Sheffield branch was. To look at the structure, there was a group of four to six directors for each location. Then there at Sheffield there was two sites each having their own overall/building manager. The building had about 4-5 floors where each floor had about 4 teams of workers, each floor had a supervisor who was in charge of all the departments/teams on that floor and then each department/team had a department/team leader who had typically 8 people in their team. The personnel department was located in one of the Sheffield branches and each location had their own IT technicians. So we can see from the diagram of their structure that they are a geographical organisation operating on a combined line and staff organisation structure. There is a presence of task culture at the bottom where it is in teams and yet power culture at the top where the directors of the company make all the decisions and are seen to be very high-status and powerful. The employees of this organisation are grouped by function, this means that they are divided into sectors according to what they do, for example a sales, an accounts and a quality control department. This is good because specialists are able to work in an area with like-minded people and each part of the organisation is then pursuing their own primary function, making contributions to the overall well being of the organisation. However, it can be bad to organise things like this because it means individuals can not move easily between departments, the organisation gets bigger and the communication channels become distorted between levels of people and also the different departments may pull in opposite directions, causing the company to focus too much on one specific area. They are also grouped by the type of customer in some areas/cases, as they offer a service which is designed differently for depending on the customers circumstances and each different product like accidental injury area, a divorce section are in their own little divisions. This type of grouping shows clearly that each department can concentrate on its own needs, also the customer will fell more inclined to go to your company as you deal with different problems in different areas and more specifically and its easier to check on the performance of their individual product/service. Although having them grouped in this way may mean that each division will compete with each other for the companies resources, this type of structure is costly to set up and more accounting and administrative services are needed. The structure above is a very formal structure; this means that the structure is based on the employees’ official roles. It also has a fairly narrow span of control. A span of control according to Needham et al (1999 p236) is â€Å"The span of control of an individual is the number of people he or she manages of supervises directly†. If an organisation has a narrow span of control this can be good because it enables close supervision and fast communications. However, it also means that the organisation might be too ‘tall’ meaning there is too many levels of management, this usually makes it very costly to run and also means that supervisors get too involved in their subordinates work. A wider span of control would show a much greater amount of trust in the subordinates and also mean having fewer managers; this still allows a hierarchy yet it gives fewer levels. Signfab’s Structure: Signfab is a local sign makers which consists of the owner and two employees, they all partake in the general making of the signs but the owner/manager takes on all the accounts, advertising, purchasing, payroll and general running of the company. From the structure above you can see that this is a much less complicated structure, with a lot fewer employees. There is hardly any span of control as it only consists of the owner and two employees. This is however a good thing because it means they have direct contact and communications with their boss/manager. It is a very flat structure with only two levels. A matrix structure/organisation consists of a combination of functional departments that are specialised and in a permanent location with ones that integrate activities of different functional departments such as a project team, product, programme and system basis. So you can see that the matrix organisation is shown through a grid with a two-way flow of responsibility and authority. Organisations that chose the matrix structure are opting for this because it means that they don’t have to choose one type of grouping over another. I would say that the above structure is a matrix organisation, as it is not grouped in any specific way. There are signs of power culture as all the authority lies with the owner and he makes all the decisions very quickly. So in this structure the owner has a lot of power and authority over his/her employees/subordinates as he/she is the owner and there is no one else higher than him to constrict his reign of power. Whilst in the solicitors structure there is a great deal of restriction in the amount of power they are allowed to have over their subordinates as there is always someone higher up the structure than them that has power over them and what they can and cannot do. The Signfab organisation is centralised as you can see that it is easy to implement policies for the organisation, the organisation on a whole is very co-ordinated, the subordinates are independent but not to a great extent, the decision making is very efficient as there is not compromise of authority when making them and they have a greater use of specialisation in what they do as an organisation. Whilst Irwin Mitchell Solicitors is more decentralised as their administrative services are close to the services they provide so that they can be more effective, opportunities for training in management arise very frequently, the staff are very encouraged by this and therefore morale is very high. Also the decisions can be made closer to the operational level of work. Part B – (3) Irwin Mitchell’s structure and culture are related to the organisations performance as their structure is a very tall structure and this means that they are less customer responsive as the communications between the managers and the employees are more complicated and not as good as they would be in a flatter structure. If their structure were more flat the managers would be nearer to the consumers and be in a better position to see and adapt to what their needs are. This is what Hertzberg suggests in the Human Relations approach. That the employees should not be treated as another part of the machinery their values and relationships should be seen and heard, this improves the morale of the workforce as they are at last being acknowledged. This acknowledgement of the workers and their values brought about an increase in their motivation and so the performance of the organisation would increase too. Irwin Mitchell solicitors take in to account the human relations approach to some extent as the workers values, relationships and suggestions are taken into account. This is seen by the fact that they hold functions at Christmas time for the employees to attend where they are rewarded for their hard work throughout the year. There is also more delegation in a flat structure as there is usually less managers and they would not necessarily be able to carry out all the work that double their amount of managers would have and therefore delegate some of this work to their subordinates, this improves the employees morale and is a good way of motivating them in to working harder so that the businesses performance will also increase. As Irwin Mitchell Solicitors has a tall structure their employees are less motivated and the morale is not always very good within the teams, meaning that the organisations performance is not as good as it could be. They do operate a Kaizen culture though, this is where the employees can suggest things that they think would help or improve the organisation. These are usually small things and are implemented gradually so that the performance of the firm will to improve gradually. This type of culture improves the employees moral, motivation to the company as they are rewarded for the ir efforts/suggestions if they succeed. Bibliography The books I used for reference in this assignment are: Business for Higher Awards 2nd edition by Needham et al published in 1999 by Heinemann. Management and Organisational Behaviour 5th edition by L J Mullins published in 1999 by FT Prentice Hall. HNC HND Business Core Unit: 3 Organisations and Behaviour 1st edition by BPP Publishing in September 2000.